UPDATE: Retro68 together with CodeLite and pce/macplus emulator can form a very good 68k development environment. See my latest post for more details.
I have long been trying to find a fully-fledged 68k Macintosh emulator that can run System 7 and older, with support for sound and serial port communications. Mini vMac does not suit my requirements due to lack of serial port emulation. Basilisk II, despite being a very capable emulator with support for Ethernet, does not officially support 24-bit addressing and hence will not be able to run Mac systems older than 7.5.5, at least not without the MODE32 extension.
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Fortunately things changed when I came across PCE/macplus, a highly customizable emulator that can emulate many 68k compact Macintosh models from the Macintosh 128K/512K up to the Macintosh SE. Serial emulation, which is what I need, is also supported as well. This article will describe my various experiments with PCE/macplus and share some interesting findings.
Downloading the binaries
The Windows emulator binaries for various Macintosh systems together with the source code can be downloaded from PCE's download page. If you are interested, on the same page you will also find emulators for PC XT, Atari, CP/M, and other machines.
Running PCE/macplus on Windows should be straight forward. Just extract the ZIP file, locate the run.bat batch script, and execute it. With some luck, you should be able to see your favorite 68k Macintosh system on the emulator screen shortly. However, since many exciting features of PCE/macplus such as PPP emulation via the serial port will not be supported on Windows, with some time at hand, I decided to spend some time compiling PCE/macplus for Ubuntu, my favourite Linux distro to be able to explore its full set of features.
Compiling pce/macplus from source
First download the source from the same download page and extract it. After that, install the required X11 and SDL development libraries:
Next, configure PCE/macplus for building with support for most of the available features:
This part needs a bit of explanation. The provided options enable PPP emulation via the serial port (needed for Internet access since PCE/macplus does not emulate the Ethernet card) and enable building with SDL (required for sound support) and with X11 libraries (important, otherwise there will be no video output once the emulator is run). Finally, although Open Sound System (OSS) has been deprecated in Ubuntu 16, we also enable it with –enable-sound-oss just in case.
When configuration is done, check the output and make sure that the requested modules (PPP, SDL, etc) have been enabled:
If the results show that SDL or X11 is not built, check that you have the necessary development libraries installed.
The final step is to install the emulator to /usr/local/bin/pce-macplus. This will also install other emulators (atarist, cpm80, ibmpc. etc) that were built during the configuration process as well:
When everything is done, type pce-macplus into the command line and you should see the emulator terminal interface:
You can type q to quit now as a few other steps are still needed before you can run your favorite Mac system software using this emulator.
Configuring the emulators
Unlike Mini vMac which has a user interface for user to load the disk images and configure various other options such as speed or display, PCE/macplus uses a text configuration file. As a start, download the Windows version of PCE/macplus for your favorite Macintosh machine and extract it. Then create a file call run.sh with the following command, place it into the same folder and execute it:
Here mac-se.cfg is the name of the config file to be loaded (-c) and run in the emulator (-r) with results written to the log file (-l) in verbose mode (-v). You will then see two windows – one is the emulated Macintosh machine while the other shows various log messages:
For more information on the available options, refer to this commented example configuration file.
Sound support
Various sound output methods are supported: null (no sound), OSS (using Open Sound System to output sound to DSP device) and SDL (Simple DirectMedia Layer). Recording the sound output to a WAV file is also supported. You can configure the output method by specifying the driver string in the sound section of the config file:
In my experiments, SDL works best and is the most reliable method. OSS does not work well on Ubuntu 16, since it has been deprecated. It either produces no sound at all or plays garbled sounds over the speaker, probably because the frequency and bit rate of /dev/dsp is not configured properly. However, regardless of which method is used, the Macintosh 128K emulated by PCE/macplus does not play any chime upon booting up – only some static noises are heard.
Hard drive emulation
I came across an interesting issue when playing around with PCE/macplus. I used Linux dd command to create a 1000MB hard disk image, attach it to the machine using the config file, and use Apple HD SC Setup to initialize the drive and create the partitions. Surprisingly, despite changing various options, the tool only created a 20MB partition while leaving the rest of the emulated hard drive unallocated. I have been using this tool on several large hard drives up to 2GB, both emulated and real, with no issues. So what was wrong this time?
After much debugging, the issue is due to PCE/macplus faithful attempt to emulate the original Apple hard disk drive, down to specifying SEAGATE and ST225N as the vendor and product strings in the config file respectively:
This config emulates the Seagate ST225N 20MB hard disk drive that comes with many compact Macintoshes of the time. Although this is good in a sense because the emulated hard drive will show up in Apple HD SC Setup immediately without the need for a patch, it also causes Apple HD SC Setup to think that the hard drive is only 20MB and creates a single 20MB partition, without even querying the drive for its real size. The solution is to change the vendor and product name to something else (while maintaining the original string length), and use the patched version of Apple HD SC setup to initialize the drive.
Disk image format
For supported Macintosh models, adding a new hard disk image is as simple as adding a disk section in the config file:
In my tests, both HFS partition images and HFS entire hard drive images are supported. An insert_delay option can be used in the sony section of the config file to indicate how long the emulator should wait after startup before inserting the disk image. This is needed if you are having multiple disk images, as inserting them all at once will confuse the Mac and may cause some of them not to show up, which happened several times during my experiment.
Unfortunately there seems to be no easy mechanism to insert or remove disk images when the emulator is running, unlike Mini vMac. The only method is to press Ctrl-` in the video window to pause the emulator and type m emu.disk.insert : or m emu.disk.eject into PCE/macplus terminal window. Not only is this method so user-unfriendly and counter-intuitive, it has never worked properly when I tried it. Either the disk could not be ejected, or does not show up without a reboot after being inserted. If you need to install software that requires the insertion/removal of multiple disks, just mount them all at once in the config file before starting up the emulator – most installers will know how to eject the last disk and continue with the next disk automatically if multiple disks are present.
Another problem that I have is with the disk image file extension. In a few cases, the emulator seems to guess the image type using the file extension. For example, the same disk image would work when its file extension is '.img', but will no longer be recognized if '.dsk' or '.image' is used. There is also no clear documentation on what type of images are supported, and what values other than 'auto' are accepted as the disk type.
Macintosh 512K and HD20 INIT
When playing around with the Macintosh 512K emulator and trying to mount HFS disk images with it, I noticed something weird. As we know, the Macintosh 512K (and 128K) came with only 400K IWM disk drives and only support the original Macintosh File System (MFS). Although external 800K floppy drives may work, the internal floppy drive will still not read 800K disks even if an internal 800K drive is fitted, unless the ROM is also upgraded. To cater for this, the PCE/macplus config file has an option named cfg.sony which will enable support for 800K Sony disk drives if set to 1:
If cfg.sony is 1, then an extension ROM called macplus-pcex.rom is loaded, enabling support for 800K floppy drives. Otherwise, only 400K IWM floppy images are supported. Other than playing around with the sample MacWrite and MacPaint IWM images that come with PCE/macplus, I have no ideas how to create new IWM images.
With the Sony drive support enabled, the next step is to enable support for HFS for the Macintosh 512K. This is usually done by adding the HD20 INIT to the System folder and should work out of the box. However, in my case, I was greeted with a flashing 'Welcome to Macintosh' screen and tons of exception messages in the terminal window after a reboot:
The terminal window displayed 'exception 0B (FXXX) IW=FFFF' continuously and I could only close the emulator. What was wrong?
The root cause is because the HD20 INIT also contains Sony driver support, which conflicts with the macplus-pcex ROM file. To fix this, use ResEdit to open the Hard Disk 20 INIT file, select the PTCH resource, select the '.Sony' entry and choose Edit > Clear to remove the Sony driver support:
After a reboot, the Macintosh 512K emulated by PCE/macplus should now have HFS support and emulated HFS disk images should show properly in Finder.
The ZIP file containing the original HD20 Startup disk image as well as the modified disk image with the Sony driver removed can be downloaded here.
PPP emulation through serial port
One of the reasons why I like PCE/macplus is its abilities to support PPP (and SLIP, as well as TCP) on the serial port, allowing Internet access from System 6 and 7 machines. This cannot be done with Mini vMac, since it does not emulate the serial port. Thread 120 mac os. To test this, I am using Config PPP 2.0.1 and MacPPP 2.0.6. MacTCP should be set to use PPP on a static IP configuration and not LocalTalk. Config PPP should point to the modem port, although using the printer port is also possible, just that you may need to disable AppleTalk on that port using Chooser. The rest of the settings can be kept as default.
Next, you need to create a TUN interface on the machine which will be used for PPP. The following script, when run as root, will create a TUN interface named ‘tun9′:
Replace enp1s0f0 with your Ethernet (or wireless) interface name and 192.168.0.253 with its IP address. A beautiful ride to carlisle mac os. Now run ifconfig, and you should see the tun9 interface showing up:
Modify the config file to enable PPP on the modem port:
Pecto Mac Os X
The multichar parameter, if set, will allow the specified number of characters to be sent or received without any transmission delay. This means that if multichar is set to 2 and the serial port is configured to be 19200bps, you can potentially have a serial transmission speed up to 2x19200bps = 38400bps. For a start, set it to 1 to use the default serial port speed. The guest IP address provided on the driver string should match the MacTCP static IP configuration.
Now start PCE/macplus, and check the terminal to make sure that the PPP interface has been set up with no errors:
Once the system has booted up, click Open inside Config PPP. If the connection is successful, PPP UP will be shown and clicking the Stats button will show the transmission statistics:
With the PPP connection in place, Fetch now works properly to download files from an FTP server at 3KB/sec:
You will notice that the download speed will be slightly faster than the maximum theoretical speed for the serial port. In this example, the serial port is configured at 19200bps, yet we are able to download at 3163 bytes/sec (almost 28.8kbps, taking into account protocol overhead). This is due to the efficiency of the emulated serial port. On a real Macintosh SE with the same configuration, I can only get around 1.8-1.9KB/s download speed. You can make the download speed even faster by setting the multichar parameter to a reasonable value such as 5 or 10.
If the emulator says 'can't open driver' on the TUN interface, you can try to use openvpn instead of tunctl to create the TUN interface. Try the following:
If you can open the PPP session but there seems to be no Internet access, you may need to enable IP forwarding on your Linux host by editing /etc/sysctl.conf and setting net.ipv4.ip_forward=1, then run sudo sysctl -p to update the system settings. If you still have issues, try to enable IP masquerade on your main network interface for traffic from the TUN interface.
Internet access via PPPD running on host machine
If the PPP emulation by PCE/macplus does not work at all, you can use tty0tt0 to create a pair of null modem ports:
Petco Macon
Pesto Macros
and configure the emulator to use one port of the pair (/dev/pts/13):
Use the following to run PPPD on the host machine to point to the other port (/dev/pts/18). You may need to change the IP to match your configuration :
Remember to edit /etc/ppp/options and add (or uncomment) the noauth option to disable PPP authentication, which will just cause problems. You can also add the passive and persist options so that PPPD will not simply give up after a few connection attempts. After that, click Open in the Config PPP panel to connect to a PPP server, and quickly run the above PPPD startup script. The connection should be established and Internet access should be available from inside the emulator.
One thing to take note is that the PPPD request should be triggered from the emulator first (by clicking on the Open button from Config PPP), followed by quickly starting PPPD on the host machine. If the order is reversed (PPPD is started first), the emulated Macintosh will attempt to send out data packets, which are received by PPPD, but will not receive any response, and the connection will eventually timeout, with a 'Link Dead' error. The issue is demonstrated in the following screenshot, with multiple LCP ConfReq and LCP ConfAck messages being generated:
I contacted the author of PCE/macplus and was advised that this may be due to assumptions made on the serial port behaviour, which may not apply for emulated serial ports. For example, a tool could assume that any data sent via the serial port is immediately received on the other end, which may not be true for an emulated port (due to data buffering, etc.), causing weird timing issues. Whatever the reason might be, I was not able to fix the issue. So for now, if you have to use PPPD on the host, just remember to initiate the connection from inside your emulator first.
Macintosh Classic ROM disk
The Macintosh Classic has a hidden System 6.0.3 disk image, which can be started by holding down Command-Option-X-O at startup. PCE/macplus emulates this as well, by having an rtc.romdisk option in the config file. If set to 1, the machine will boot from the ROM disk:
Booting from ROM disk can also be specified from the command line using rtc.romdisk=1:
There is a minor issue with booting from ROM disk. The selected startup disk is stored in PRAM, which is the mac-classic-pram.dat file in the PCE/macplus emulator. Once the machine has booted from floppy/hard disk drive, the startup disk is remembered and used for the next boot, even if booting from ROM disk is specified. According to the author, this is because the code does not know how to set the startup disk. A workaround is to delete the mac-classic-pram.dat file for every startup so that the machine could boot from either the ROM disk or from the disk images correctly. This causes several system settings, include screen brightness, to be reset to default, and the screen will look dark upon first startup. In my tests, even after deleting mac-classic-pram.data, setting rtc.romdisk=1 from command line will sometimes still boot from the disk drive if romdisk = 0 is set in the config file. This seems to be a bug with PCE/macplus.
The verdict
Despite the limitations and some minor issues, i think PCE/macplus is a very capable emulator. I am currently using it together with Retro68 and CodeLite to improve Browsy, an open-source minimal System 6 web browser. I hope the author of PCE/macplus can spend some time making the emulator for user friendly, for example by allowing easy insertion/removal of disk images when the emulator is running. When that happens, I guess PCE/macplus will be much more popular than Mini vMac, currently the most well-known emulator for System 6 and System 7.
See also
An ATM card is a payment card or dedicated payment card issued by a financial institution (i.e. a bank) which enables a customer to access their financial accounts via its and others' automated teller machines (ATMs) and to make approved point of purchase retail transactions (i.e. gas stations, grocery, hardware, department stores, etc.) ATM cards are not credit cards or debit cards. ATM cards are payment card size and style plastic cards with a magnetic stripe and/or a plastic smart card with a chip that contains a unique card number and some security information such as an expiration date or CVVC (CVV). ATM cards are known by a variety of names such as bank card, MAC (money access card), client card, key card or cash card, among others. Other payment cards, such as debit cards and credit cards can also function as ATM cards. Charge and proprietary cards cannot be used as ATM cards. The use of a credit card to withdraw cash at an ATM is treated differently to a POS transaction, usually attracting interest charges from the date of the cash withdrawal. Interbank networks allow the use of ATM cards at ATMs of private operators and financial institutions other than those of the institution that issued the cards.
ATM cards can also be used on improvised ATMs such as 'mini ATMs', merchants' card terminals that deliver ATM features without any cash drawer.[1][2] These terminals can also be used as cashless scrip ATMs by cashing the receipts they issue at the merchant's point of sale.[3]
The first ATM cards were issued in 1967 by Barclays in London.[4]
Dimensions[edit]
The size of ATM cards is 85.60 mm × 53.98 mm (3.370 in × 2.125 in) and rounded corners with a radius of 2.88–3.48 mm, in accordance with ISO/IEC 7810#ID-1, the same size as other payment cards, such as credit, debit and other cards. They also have a printed or embossed bank card number conforming with the ISO/IEC 7812 numbering standard.
ATM uses[edit]
All ATMs, at a minimum, will permit cash withdrawals of customers of the machine's owner (if a bank-operated machine) and for cards that are affiliated with any ATM network the machine is also affiliated. They will report the amount of the withdrawal and any fees charged by the machine on the receipt. Most banks and credit unions will permit routine account-related banking transactions at the bank's own ATM, including deposits, checking the balance of an account, and transferring money between accounts.
Never forget me mac os. Some ATM cards can also be used at a branch, as identification for in-person transactions.
The use of the ATM card for in store purchases or refunds is allowed only with pre-approved retailers, but not for on-line transactions.
For other types of transactions through telephone or online banking, this may be performed with an ATM card without in-person authentication. This includes account balance inquiries, electronic bill payments, or in some limited cases, online purchases (see Interac Online).
Petco Macon Ga
Card networks[edit]
ATM cards operate thru specific networks. Interlink is just one example of the many ATM networks.
Canada's Interac and Mastercard's Maestro are examples of networks that link bank accounts with point-of-sale equipment.
Some debit card networks also started their lives as ATM card networks before evolving into full-fledged debit card networks such as STAR (Interbank Network), and others such as: Development Bank of Singapore (DBS)'s Network for Electronic Transfers (NETS) and Bank Central Asia (BCA)'s Debit BCA, both of them were later on adopted by other banks (with Prima Debit being the Prima interbank network version of Debit BCA).
Misuse[edit]
Due to increased illegal copies of cards with a magnetic stripe, the European Payments Council established a Card Fraud Prevention Task Force in 2003 that spawned a commitment to migrate all ATMs and POS applications to use a chip-and-PIN solution by the end of 2010.[5] The 'SEPA for Cards'[6] has completely removed the magnetic stripe requirement from Maestro debit cards.
Petco Macomb Mi
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^. Nowadays , even children can keep atm cards as some banks like Kotak Mahindra give atm cards to children as well.'Permata Mini ATM'Archived 2012-04-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ^'Mini ATM BRI'Archived December 30, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^'Cashless Scrip ATM Terminals'
- ^Jarunee Wonglimpiyara, Strategies of Competition in the Bank Card Business (2005), p. 1-3.
- ^'EPC Card Fraud Prevention Forum - Agreement on new measures to fight card fraud'Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine, 19. July 2010 by Cédric Sarazin
- ^'SEPA for Cards'Archived 2009-06-09 at the Wayback Machine, the SEPA Cards Framework and EPC Cards Standardisation Programme, accessed 06. August 2010
